The short version of WADA prohibited list fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
This page was last updated on 2025-08-16 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Clinical development of AOD9604 included trials in people with obesity, but the results did not lead to approval as a prescription medicine in major markets. Interest later shifted to research settings and to unapproved products marketed for body composition. Regulatory agencies have questioned whether the peptide qualifies as a dietary ingredient, and some have issued warnings about its presence in supplements. Long-term human safety data are limited, and questions about efficacy, dosing, and target populations remain unresolved.
AOD9604 is a synthetic peptide modeled on the C-terminal region of human growth hormone. It corresponds to a short sequence near the end of the 191-amino-acid hormone, often described as residues 176–191 or a related fragment. Researchers designed it to separate metabolic effects from the growth-promoting actions of full-length growth hormone. Early work in the 1990s explored it as a candidate for weight and lipid disorders. It is not a naturally circulating hormone fragment produced in large amounts.
Laboratory studies have reported that AOD9604 can increase lipolysis and reduce lipid accumulation in fat cells. The precise molecular target remains uncertain, and the compound does not appear to activate the growth hormone receptor in the same way as full-length hGH. Proposed mechanisms include effects on beta-adrenergic signaling and enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis, but these pathways are not firmly established. Because most evidence comes from cell and animal models, whether the same effects occur in humans is an open question.
Research interest in AOD-9604 often focuses on whether it can influence lipid metabolism without the growth-promoting or glucose-related effects of full-length hGH. This question remains unresolved, and findings depend on model, dose, and measurement method. Some reviews treat the peptide as a historical obesity candidate rather than an active therapeutic. Others cite it in discussions of peptide fragments, metabolic signaling, and performance-enhancing substances. Clear conclusions are limited by the small number of rigorous, independent human studies.
AOD-9604 has been investigated primarily as a potential treatment for obesity and related metabolic conditions. Early laboratory work examined its effects on fat cells, and later studies moved into animal models and human clinical trials. Some trials reportedly reached Phase II, but the program did not lead to an approved medicine. Published summaries often note that weight-loss results were modest or inconsistent. The full trial data are not all publicly available in detail.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular class | Synthetic peptide | Derived from C-terminal region of human growth hormone |
| Approximate molecular mass | About 1.8 kDa | Varies with sequence length and counterions |
| Confirmed receptor target | None established | No confirmed growth hormone receptor agonism |
| Reported in vitro activity | Lipolysis stimulation and lipogenesis inhibition | Observed mainly in adipocyte models; human relevance uncertain |
| Regulatory status | Not approved as a drug in major markets | May be treated differently across jurisdictions; not a recognized dietary ingredient in some countries |
AOD-9604 is prohibited in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency under the peptide hormone class. Its presence in a sample can be detected through mass spectrometry-based methods, although the exact assay depends on the laboratory. In research settings, material is often supplied as a lyophilized powder for reconstitution. Buyers and researchers should note that products labeled AOD-9604 may vary in purity and actual peptide content. Analytical certificates and independent testing are common ways to verify identity, but no global harmonized standard exists for all commercial lots.
AOD-9604 is a synthetic peptide whose sequence is modeled on the C-terminal region of human growth hormone. Published descriptions commonly place it as a modified fragment corresponding to hGH amino acids 176–191, with a tyrosine residue added or retained at the N-terminus to support detection and handling. It is not intact growth hormone and lacks the full receptor-binding architecture of the parent protein. The molecule was developed as a research candidate for metabolic studies rather than as a replacement for growth hormone therapy. Its identity is defined by its amino acid sequence rather than by any single commercial preparation.
AOD-9604 drew attention in the 1990s and 2000s as a potential anti-obesity agent. Early work explored both injectable and oral routes, which is unusual for a peptide of this size. Animal studies reported changes in fat metabolism without the growth-promoting or insulin-like effects associated with full-length growth hormone. Subsequent human trials produced mixed or modest results, and the compound did not obtain regulatory approval for weight management in major markets. It remains known mainly through research literature, sports anti-doping listings, and non-approved supplement advertising.
Regulatory interest in AOD-9604 increased after high-profile anti-doping cases involving peptide products. In some cases, the substance was supplied under alternative names or in compounded preparations, complicating traceability. Sports tribunals and anti-doping panels have discussed whether the peptide was explicitly banned at the time of use, leading to clarifications by the World Anti-Doping Agency. For consumers and researchers, the legal status can vary by jurisdiction, and products marketed as research chemicals may lack independent quality verification.
AOD-9604 is listed as a prohibited substance in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency. It falls under the peptide hormones, growth factors, related substances, and mimetics class on the prohibited list. Anti-doping organizations treat its presence in an athlete's sample as an adverse finding unless a therapeutic use exemption applies. The prohibition reflects concerns about performance enhancement in competitive settings and the difficulty of distinguishing exogenous peptide use from endogenous hormone fragments.
Detection of AOD-9604 in biological samples relies on analytical techniques capable of distinguishing a small synthetic peptide from related endogenous sequences. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry is commonly used for confirmatory analysis. Sample preparation may involve immunoaffinity enrichment or solid-phase extraction to concentrate the peptide. Because the molecule is small and may be present at low concentrations, assay sensitivity and specificity are ongoing analytical challenges. Laboratories also validate methods against reference materials when available.
==== Maternity leave ==== Work is the most commonly cited reason for not breastfeeding. In 2012, Save the Children examined maternity leave laws, ranking 36 industrialized countries according to their support for breastfeeding. Norway ranked first, while the United States came in last. Maternity leave in the US varies widely, including by state. The United States does not mandate paid maternity leave for any employee; however, the Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) guarantees qualifying mothers up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave, although most US mothers resume work earlier. A large 2011 study found that women who returned to work at or after 13 weeks after childbirth were more likely to breastfeed beyond three months.
Wenger did not participate in the event as he was injured; Jean-Luc Arribart, captain of the team recalled: "By the end of that trip, Arsène had almost taken on the role of assistant coach and team joker rolled into one."
==== 1965 - 1992 ==== Following the assassination of Kennedy in 1963, India-US relations deteriorated gradually. While Kennedy's successor Lyndon B. Johnson sought to maintain relations with India to counter Communist China, he also sought to strengthen ties with Pakistan with the hopes of easing tensions with China and weakening India's growing military buildup as well. Relations then hit an all-time low under the Nixon administration in the early 1970s. Nixon shifted away from the neutral stance which his predecessors had taken towards India-Pakistan hostilities. He established a very close relationship with Pakistan, aiding it militarily and economically, as India, now under the leadership of Indira Gandhi, was leaning towards Soviet Union. He considered Pakistan as a very important ally to counter Soviet influence in the Indian subcontinent and establish ties with China, with whom Pakistan was very close. The frosty personal relationship between Nixon and Indira further contributed to the poor relationship between the two nations. Nixon also harbored sexist and racist sentiments against Indians, describing the empathetic attitude of the American public toward India as a "psychological disorder". During the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War, the US openly supported Pakistan and deployed its aircraft carrier USS Enterprise towards the Bay of Bengal, which was seen as a show of force by the US in support of the West Pakistani forces.
=== Related conditions === A related disease has been identified and named osteolathyrism, because it affects the bones and connecting tissues, instead of the nervous system. It is a skeletal disorder, caused by the toxin beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN), and characterized by hernias, aortic dissection, exostoses, and kyphoscoliosis and other skeletal deformities, apparently as the result of defective aging of collagen tissue. The cause of this disease is attributed to beta-aminopropionitrile, which inhibits the copper-containing enzyme lysyl oxidase, responsible for cross-linking procollagen and proelastin. BAPN is also a metabolic product of a compound present in sprouts of grasspea, pea and lentils. Disorders that are clinically similar are konzo and lytico-bodig disease.
"Over the course of three short days, the tobacco stocks were bent, they were spindled and they were mutilated by the realization that electronic cigarettes have become a serious threat to the old-school cigarette makers," he added. In 2019, a vaping industry organization released a report stating that a possible US ban on e-cigarettes flavors can potentially effect greater than 150,000 jobs around the US.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
While this has been well known since the 19th century, an insistence on only monophyletic taxa has resulted in vertebrate classification being in a state of flux. The majority of animals more complex than jellyfish and other cnidarians are split into two groups, the protostomes and deuterostomes, the latter of which contains chordates. It seems very likely the 555 million-year-old Kimberella was a member of the protostomes. If so, this means the protostome and deuterostome lineages must have split some time before Kimberella appeared—at least 558 million years ago, and hence well before the start of the Cambrian 538.8 million years ago. Three enigmatic species that are possible very early tunicates, and therefore deuterostomes, were also found from the Ediacaran period – Ausia fenestrata from the Nama Group of Namibia, the sac-like Yarnemia ascidiformis, and one from a second new Ausia-like genus from the Onega Peninsula of northern Russia, Burykhia hunti. Results of a new study have shown possible affinity of these Ediacaran organisms to the ascidians. Ausia and Burykhia lived in shallow coastal waters slightly more than 555 to 548 million years ago, and are believed to be the oldest evidence of the chordate lineage of metazoans. The Russian Precambrian fossil Yarnemia is identified as a tunicate only tentatively, because its fossils are nowhere near as well-preserved as those of Ausia and Burykhia, so this identification has been questioned.
== National poll results == Most opinion polls do not cover Northern Ireland, which has different major political parties from the rest of the United Kingdom. In the 'area' column of the tables below, "GB" (Great Britain) denotes polls that do not include Northern Ireland, whereas "UK" (United Kingdom) denotes polls that do. Plaid Cymru only stands candidates in Wales, the Scottish National Party only stands candidates in Scotland, and the Conservative Party is the only party with its own column below that stands candidates in Northern Ireland. Due to rounding, total figures may not add up to 100%. The lead is calculated by subtracting the polling percentage of the first-placed party by that of the second-placed party. The first-placed party is shaded with its party colour, and in boldface; the second-placed party is shaded in grey. The table can be sorted by all features; to sort by party vote share, click on the coloured ribbons. Where polls specify parties within 'other', this may be expandable by pressing the [show] button in the 'other' cell.
== Bibliography == Wagstaff, William Falkland Islands: The Bradt Travel Guide Patrick Watts quoted in Fox, Robert Eyewitness Falklands: A personal account of the Falklands campaign, 1982, p309. The Toponymy of the Falkland Islands as recorded on Maps and in Gazetteers The Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use. Southby-Tailyour, Ewen – Falkland Island Shores The European (pub by British Union of Fascists), vol 8, issue 5 (January 1957 p 313-9) PRO HO 45/25740 "Jeffrey Hamm" (British Public Records)
=== Metabolic and covalent labeling of glycans === Metabolic labeling of glycans can be used as a way to detect glycan structures. A well known strategy involves the use of azide-labeled sugars which can be reacted using the Staudinger ligation. This method has been used for in vitro and in vivo imaging of glycans.
Directed by Sheila Hayman, made by Uden Associates 8 November Rebuilding Berlin, how German telecommunication and electrical engineers found great difficulty in connecting the infrastructure and technology of East and West Berlin, which were largely totally incompatible, and why the two technological systems were so different; East and West Germany were founded in 1953; the trains in East (Deutsche Reichsbahn or DR) and West Germany ran on electric motors that worked in opposite ways; Erich Kratky of Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (former West Berlin Public Transport) and how East Berlin drivers had 60% of those in West Berlin; Mahlow station, on the S2 line on the Berlin S-Bahn, was completely rebuilt in 1991, opening on 31 August 1992; before 1989, West Berlin could not connect to any neighbouring electrical power networks, so had to make all of its own power itself, by nine power stations; in 1992 West Berlin could not make enough electrical power;Jürgen Beyer of the East Berlin Electricity Board; in 1992 East and West Germany could not connect their electricity systems together; Klaus Krämer of the West Berlin Electricity Board, and how East German load frequency control (LFC) was not good enough for West Germany; East German power stations were polluting; Müggelsee in East Berlin; East Berlin had natural gas - from Russia - but West Berlin did not have natural gas, and had to produce its own gas from processing, and there were many more gas leaks in East Berlin, run by the Berlin Gas Board, and British Gas plc was installing most of the new plastic gas mains in East Berlin; one fifth of housing in East Berlin was uninhabitable, due to lack of renovation and unsafe electrical wiring; much housing in East Berlin did not have any bathrooms; the post system in East Berlin was three times slower than West Berlin, as it was all sorted by hand, and mail hand to be sent in standard envelopes only, in East Germany - the two post systems were incompatible, and East and West Germany had totally different postcode systems, although both had four digits, so a letter was put in front of each Deutsche Post postcode, to show if it was an East or West German postcode; in 1952, telephone connections between East and West Germany were stopped, but four lines were installed in 1972; the East German telephone exchanges were all mechanical, and could not transmit any digital communications; one in ten people in East Berlin had a phone - telecommunications in East Berlin were hopeless and expensive; in 1992 Deutsche Telekom connected East and West Berlin, and the price would be a local call, not the price of an international call, under the phrase Wir schaffen Verbingdungen; not only were East German telecommunications often impossible, but the Stasi secret police were listening in to most calls; Rudolf Reichel of the former East German Economic Institute; science research in East Germany had been greatly restricted; Volker Hassemer; East Germans viewed West Germans as selfish, and West Germans viewed East Germans as backward. Narrated by Su-Lin Looi, directed by Cosima Dannoritzer, produced by Karl Sabbagh, made by Skyscraper Productions 15 November 21st Century Jet, how the Boeing 777 moved from the drawing board to manufacture in 1992, with the innovative new method called CATIA; the Boeing 777 was the largest jet aircraft to have been developed mostly by computer, with assembly beginning in January 1993; there were 10,000 people in the 777 programme, who met the managers in a weekly meeting; meeting the needs of Robert Crandall of American Airlines, and competition from the new Airbus A340; parts of the tail were built in Australia; the nose cone and flaps were made in Italy; the landing gear was made in Canada, the US, and France; parts of the wing ribs and passenger doors were made in Japan; the nose landing gear door was made in Belfast; some of the electronics was made in England; there were about 230 design teams, from different manufacturers; the CATIA system was a digital mockup; Thomas Gaffney, head of passenger doors; Henry Shomber, one of the chief engineers; John Roundhill, a chief project engineer; United Airlines placed the first order, which started the project; Al Tyler of Aerospace Technologies of Australia (ASTA), who made the 777 rudder - the company became Boeing Australia; John King, Baron King of Wartnaby of British Airways visits to look at legroom for the new 777. Narrated by Simon Prebble, directed by Karl Sabbagh, made by Skyscraper Productions 22 November The Puzzle of HIV, scientists after ten years did not understand how HIV worked; immunologists Anthony Fauci and Max Essex; Angus Dalgleish of St George's, University of London; virologist Stephen S. Morse, and the origination of viruses, and how most pandemics originated in China; Stella Knight of the MRC, and dendritic cells, researched by Brigid Balfour; French immunologist Jean-Claude Ameisen of the Pasteur Institute of Lille; virologist Jonas Salk; Claude Nicolau, and the CD4 glycoprotein. Narrated by Scottish actress Sandra Clark, directed by Nigel Maslin, produced by Chris Haws, made by InCA Productions 29 November The Alpha Link, much of medical understanding of radiation protection and health comes from what occurred in Japan in August 1945. Martin Gardner (1940–93), an epidemiologist, and Professor of Medical Statistics at the University of Southampton, thought that health was affected by working in a nuclear power station, which the British nuclear industry vehemently would not believe. Directed by Vivienne King, made by Box Productions 6 December Toying with the Future, about electronic children's toys, visiting Ocean Software in Manchester; Brian Sutton-Smith of the University of Pennsylvania, and how toys were small replicas of large world events; Eugene F. Provenzo of the University of Miami and how the culture of childhood began in the early 1700s, and how German Friedrich Fröbel developed educational toys in the early 1800s, but it often lacked fun; Meccano Ltd sets, developed by Frank Hornby, launching the international Meccano Guild network of children's mechanical clubs in 1919, publicised by the Meccano Magazine; Richard Gregory, neuropsychologist at the University of Bristol, and his Exploratory Hands-on Science Centre, which closed in 1999, replaced by We the Curious in 2000; toy designer Patrick Rylands; Gary Bracey of Ocean Software; Keith Tinman, computer game musician; Elizabeth Curran of GameTek; Ocean Software designers Ray Coffey, James Higgins and Dawn Drake. Directed by Christopher Rawlence, produced by Debra Hauer, made by Rawlence Hauer Productions 13 December The Elements, a repeat of the 20 October 1991 episode 20 December E.T. Please Phone Earth, about the SETI Institute, with Prof Philip Morrison, a professor of physics at MIT, who played a starring if not dangerous role in the Manhattan Project; Jill Tarter at the Hat Creek Radio Observatory in California; Dr John Billingham, a British medical doctor at the Ames Research Center in California; Prof Antony Hewish of the University of Cambridge, who discovered pulsars in 1967; Frank Drake, and his work at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Green Bank, West Virginia; Barney Oliver of SETI; David Blair of the University of Western Australia; Paul Horowitz of Harvard University; the Ohio State University Radio Observatory (known as Big Ear) and its 1977 Wow! signal; Jack Cohen; chemist Stanley Miller and his 1953 experiment; blind SETI investigator Kent Cullers; and biologist Jared Diamond from UCLA. Jointly made with ABC of Australia, narrated by Heather Couper, directed by Richard Smith, produced by Stuart Carter, made by Pioneer Productions
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== External links == "Dr. A. Ajayaghosh". Awardee profile. Infosys Science Foundation. 2016. "Dr. A. Ajayaghosh". Infosys Science Foundation. 26 September 2013. p. YouTube video. "Dr. A. Ajayaghosh'' https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=bYdujAwAAAAJ&hl=en
Caution, however, is generally prudent when doing this, as seizures, which are more likely to occur with clomipramine than every other tricyclic antidepressant besides maprotiline, become more and more of a risk beyond the normally-recommended upper-ceiling. At daily doses ≤ 250 mg, the incidence of seizures may be reliably estimated to be around the order of 0.48%. (All tricyclic antidepressants technically lower the seizure-threshold but this is only significant with amoxapine, maprotiline and, indeed, clomipramine.) Dose-increases between 25 mg and 150 mg, barring significant drug-drug interactions which may elevate clomipramine blood-levels, should be titrated in doses of 50 mg (25 mg in the case of panic disorder and 10 to 25 mg in the cases of premature ejaculation and narcoleptic cataplexy) and above 150 mg in 25 mg increments. Average optimal total daily doses for depression (whether mild or severe), premature ejaculation, cataplexy-narcolepsy, obsessive–compulsive disorder, panic disorder and trichotilomania respectively are (in milligrams) 150, 50, 25 - 75, 150 - 250, 50 - 150 and 150 - 200. Some consider the minimum optimally-therapeutic dose of clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder, which often requires much higher levels of serotonergic concentration than other indications for these drugs, to be 200, rather than 150, milligrams per day. For premature ejaculation, clomipramine can be taken prn 3 to 5 hours before attempted sexual intercourse.
==== Cisplatin-resistance ==== The drug paclitaxel may be useful in the treatment of cisplatin-resistant cancer. About 68.1% of cisplatin-resistant cells appear to be sensitive to paclitaxel and 66.7% of paclitaxel-resistant cells to cisplatin. The mechanism for this activity is unknown. Paclitaxel-based chemotherapy showed modest activity in SCLC patients refractory to both etoposide- and camptothecin-based chemotherapy. The newer agent lurbinectedin is active in relapsed SCLC and was approved for medical use in the United States in June 2020.
2 HBr → H2 + Br2 (electrolysis of aqueous hydrogen bromide) Br2 + Br− ⇌ Br−3 (initial tribromide production, eventually reverses as Br− depletes) 2 S + Br2 → S2Br2 (bromine reacts with sulfur to form disulfur dibromide) S2Br2 + 8 H2O + 5 Br2 → 2 H2SO4 + 12 HBr (oxidation and hydration of disulfur dibromide)
The state prosecuted the accused as Marxist revolutionaries seeking to establish a Soviet-backed regime in South West Africa. In what became known as the "1967 Terrorist Trial", six of the accused were found guilty of committing violence in the act of insurrection, with the remainder convicted for armed intimidation, or having received military training for the purpose of insurrection. During the trial, the defendants unsuccessfully argued against allegations that they were privy to an external communist plot. All but three received sentences ranging from five years to life imprisonment on Robben Island.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
AOD9604 is a synthetic peptide based on a C-terminal segment of human growth hormone. It is manufactured by chemical peptide synthesis rather than extracted from human tissue. The sequence is often described as hGH fragment 176–191 or a close variant.
It is not approved as a prescription drug in the United States or the European Union for any indication. Regulatory status can differ by country, and it is often sold as a research chemical or in unapproved products. Such products are not equivalent to an approved medicine.
In the studies reported so far, AOD9604 does not appear to act through the growth hormone receptor and has not shown the typical IGF-1 increase caused by full-length hGH. Human data are limited, so this remains an area of uncertainty. It should not be assumed to have the same effects as hGH.
No major medicines regulator appears to have approved AOD-9604 for human therapeutic use. It has been studied in clinical trials, but those programs did not result in a marketed drug.